中文版Copper elementary knowledge introduction
The copper is one which of ancient metals the humanity discovered most early, as early as the humanity starts more than 3000 years ago to use the copper.
Metal copper, symbols of the elements Cu, atomic weight 63.54, proportion 8.92, melting point 1083oC. The pure copper assumes the shallow rose color or the light red, after the surface forms the copper oxide membrane, the outward appearance assumes the red copper color. The copper has many valuable physical chemistry characteristic, for example its heat conductivity and the conductivity are very high, chemically stable, the tensile strength is big, easy to weld, has the corrosion resistance, the plasticity, the ductility. Pure copper Cola becomes the very thin copper wire, makes the very thin copper foil. Can with metals and so on zinc, tin, lead, manganese, cobalt, nickel, aluminum, iron form the alloy.
The copper smelting technology's development has experienced the long process, but copper smelting still by dry method smelting primarily, its output approximately composes the world copper ultimate output until now 85%. 1) dry method smelting will be generally will contain the copper first 0% several or thousand point several raw ore, will enhance through the dressing to 20-30%, will take the copper-concentrated ore, in the airtight blast furnace, the reverberatory furnace, the electric stove or will dodge the fast stove to carry on makes liu the smelting, will deliver the melt liu (solidified matte) will then send in the converter to carry on the blowing to become the blister copper, will then escape in another kind of reverberatory furnace after the oxidized fining mixed, or will cast the positive plate to carry on the electrolysis, will obtain the personal status to reach as high as 99.9% electrolytic copper. This flow brief, compatible, the copper returns-ratio may reach 95%, but because in the ore sulfur is making liu and the blowing two stages discharges as the sulphur dioxide waste gas, is not easy to recycle, easy to cause the pollution. In recent years presented like the silver law, molten bath smeltings as well as Japan's and so on Landa law Mitsubishi law and so on, the dry method smelting gradually to continuous, the automated development. 2) modern aqueous method smelting has the sulfating roasting - leaching - electrodeposition, the leaching - extract - electrodeposition, France and so on bacterial leaching, is suitable for the low-grade complex ore, to oxidize the copper mine, to soak, the trough including the copper waste ore pile to soak selects or leaches. The aqueous method smelting technology is promoting gradually, estimated that at the end of the century may reach the ultimate output 20%, aqueous method smelting promotes causes copper the smelting cost to reduce greatly.
Second, copper and copper product classification
1st, has the formal taxonomy according to the nature in
Native copper------Copper content above 99%, but the reserves are extremely few;
Oxidizes the copper mine-----Are not many for the number
Chalcopyrite-----The copper content is extremely low, generally in 2--about 3%, in the world 80% above coppers are come out from the chalcopyrite fining.
2nd, according to production process classification
Copper-concentrated ore----Before the smelting, selects copper content high ore.
Blister copper------After copper-concentrated ore smelting product, copper content in 95-98%.
Pure copper------After the fire builds up or the electrolysis, the content reaches 99% above coppers. The fire builds up may result in 99-99.9% pure coppers, the electrolysis may enable copper the purity to achieve 99.95-99.99%.
3rd, according to main alloy ingredient classification
Brass-----Muntz metal
Bronze-----The gun metal and so on (besides zinc nickel, joins other elements alloy symmetrical bronze)
Alloy of copper and nickel-----Copper cobalt nickel alloy
4th, according to product formal taxonomy: Copper pipe, bar copper, copper wire, copper plate, copper tape, bar copper, copper foil and so on
Third, copper index mark and quality specification
Copper stock contract subject matter before 97 year September implements the quality specification is the GB466-82 standard, finalizes is a copper, 97 year in September - 98 year in August GB466-82 also carries out with GB/T-467-1997LIANG a kind of standard, 98 year in September carries out the GB/T467-1997 standard completely, the high pure electrolytic copper and the standard electrolytic copper may finalize, do not have the quality to rise the agio, only then the brand rises the agio.
1st, high pure electrolytic copper (Cu-CATH-1) chemical composition: Cu+Ag is not smaller than 99.95, the impurity total content does not surpass 0.0065 (impurity classification content omitted).
The copper is one kind the metal which widely uses, in the electrical conductivity, leads the potential, the tensile strength, the extendability, the inoxidizability, to bear aspects and so on weary to have its unique merit, mainly uses in the industrial equipment manufacturing industry, the electrical industry, the communication industry, the architecture industry, the shipping industry, the fastener industry and so on. But the numerous uses also make copper the price to be also sensitive to the supply and demand change response, the margin of fluctuation is also very big. Copper and social life's close relevance, causes copper the demand and the financial circumstance change is connected directly.
The copper supplies originate besides mine mining, but may also obtain through two recyclings. The world mainly produces the copper country for Chile, the US, Canada, Zambia, Zaire and Peru and so on. Our country also produces the copper great nation, 1991 annual output occupied world seventh. Our country copper production mainly concentrates in provinces and cities and so on Jiangxi, Xiangbei, Gansu, Tianjin, Shanghai, Anhui, Liaoning, Shanxi, Hunan, with Yunnan. But is low as a result of our country copper mine personal status, the resources condition to be not very ideal, but is also very big to the copper demand, therefore every year must import the copper and the copper alloy satisfies the supplies to be insufficient.
in 2001 the global expense copper the approximately 14,885,000 tons, the copper expense concentrated in the developed industrialized country. The US is the biggest copper country of consumption, in 2000 expended 2,923,000 tons, approximately composed the world consumption total quantity 1/5, next was the Chinese 1,750,000 tons, the Japanese 1,327,000 tons, the European 4,385,000 tons. Looking from the profession, those who expend the copper to be most is the electrical industry department and the architecture industry.
in 2002 the world refined copper's output was 15,020,000 tons, the expense is 14,900,000 tons, the supply and demand gap is 120,000 tons, 2001 balance between supply and demand was the supply in excess of demand 948,000 tons, the supply and demand had the very big improvement contradictory.
